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Vienna 1683: Christian Europe Repels the Ottomans (Campaign), by Simon Millar

Vienna 1683: Christian Europe Repels the Ottomans (Campaign), by Simon Millar



Vienna 1683: Christian Europe Repels the Ottomans (Campaign), by Simon Millar

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Vienna 1683: Christian Europe Repels the Ottomans (Campaign), by Simon Millar

Osprey's study of a battle that was part of a triple conflict: the Polish-Ottoman War (1683-1699), the Great Turkish War (1667-1698), and the Ottoman Hapsburg Wars (1526-1791). The capture of the Hapsburg city of Vienna was a major strategic aspiration for the Islamic Ottoman Empire, desperate for the control that the city exercised over the Danube and the overland trade routes between southern and northern Europe. In July 1683 Sultan Mehmet IV proclaimed a jihad and the Turkish grand vizier, Kara Mustafa Pasha, laid siege to the city with an army of 150,000 men.

In September a relieving force arrived under Polish command and joined up with the defenders to drive the Turks away. The main focus of this book is the final 15-hour battle for Vienna, which climaxed with a massive charge by three divisions of Polish winged hussars. This hard-won victory marked the beginning of the decline of the Islamic Ottoman Empire, which was never to threaten central Europe again.

  • Sales Rank: #755170 in Books
  • Brand: Millar, Simon/ Dennis, Peter (ILT)
  • Published on: 2008-02-19
  • Released on: 2008-02-19
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.88" h x .24" w x 7.24" l, .68 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 96 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

Review

“The siege of Vienna is outlined in great detail, with maps, paintings and breakdowns of the various attacks mounted by both sides... The author is a serving army officer with a strong interest in military history, and this interest is reflected through the sources utilized in the book for both text and illustrations. I found this book particularly relevant in light of current events in the Middle East, and a good introduction to military history. It provides an overview that is both succinct and richly detailed.” ―Renaissance Magazine (January 2009)

“In addition to the excellent and highly readable prose, there is a considerable amount of period artwork in the form of drawings and paintings to show what life was like and what some of the leading personalities looked like. This is ably enhanced by the superb illustrations of Peter Dennis, who has illustrated a large number of Osprey books depicting this era in history. Overall, a book I found to be quite engrossing and one that tells the story of the beginning of the eventual downfall of the Ottoman Empire.” ―Scott Van Aken, modelingmadness.com (March 2008)

“All of [the campaign] is described here, with excellent maps as well as colour plates. Very highly recommended.” ―John Prigent, Internet Modeler (March 2008)

About the Author
Simon Millar was born in Malaysia in 1957. He joined the British Army in 1977, and having retired in 1994 subsequently rejoined his regiment, the Irish Guards, in 2001. He has previously written Kolin 1757: Frederick the Great's First Defeat, and Assaye 1803: Wellington's first and 'bloodiest' victory for the Osprey Campaign series. The author lives in Wiltshire, UK..

Most helpful customer reviews

34 of 36 people found the following review helpful.
Good summary account on the last high tide of Islam against Europe
By lordhoot
In less then 100 pages, Simon Millar managed to write an excellent summary account of the last major military offensive conducted by Islamic Ottoman Empire against Christian Europe in 1683 when the Turks tried but failed to capture the capital city of the Holy Roman Empire, Vienna.

The book follows the typical Osprey Campaign series format where the background information on the campaign, its leaders and the military forces involved were given in a brief summary. However, the author did a pretty good job making it informative but not too detail. The book comes with excellent maps and illustrations that convey the subject matter quite well. The narrative proves to be quite interesting and author writes with prose and insights that make the book easy to read as well as enjoyable. I thought it was pretty ironic that the Polish kingdom that saved Vienna in 1683 would be dismembered by the same political unit that they saved within the hundred years period. This also marked the long decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire that will end its existence after World War I and the last time an militant Islam wages a war against the Christian heartland until the current time. The Ottoman Empire's efforts against Vienna in 1683 is not a well known subject matter for many, including myself and I thought the book filled the void quite excellently along the basic level.

27 of 30 people found the following review helpful.
What Happened to the Maps?
By R. A Forczyk
In Osprey's Campaign 191, Vienna 1683, author Simon Millar tells the story of the last great Ottoman campaign of conquest in Europe. This is a dramatic period in history, charged with emotion and ideology on both sides, although these aspects are played down in favor of a strait-up campaign narrative. In describing the campaign, the author is able to stay on track and stick to essentials, resulting in a cogent summary of the military operations, although somewhat devoid of analysis. Furthermore, the narrative is weakened by the inadequate number and indifferent quality of the maps used to support it - in stark contrast to most Osprey volumes. On the other hand, the volume is enhanced by the superb artwork of Peter Dennis. In sum, good text, poor maps, good battle scenes.

The author begins with an introduction that sketches out the security environment facing Austria in 1683, which seems to stress that Louis XIV posed more of a threat to the Hapsburgs than the Ottomans, which seems a bit strange. Certainly France was interested in making gains against Hapsburg dominions in the Low Countries, Germany and Italy, but unlike the Ottomans, the French armies were unlikely to march on Vienna, massacre the population and burn the city to the ground. Indeed, the author appears to be confusing two different styles of warfare (limited, focused on exchange of provinces versus total, focused on exchange of cultures). The section on opposing commanders is decent, but devotes far more space to Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I who played only a small role in the actual campaign, as compared to the thin blurb on Count Ernst Starhemberg who led the actual defense of Vienna. I think most of us would rather know more about the soldiers who actually won/lost the battle, than the figureheads who watched afar from a convent window. The author does paint a convincing portrait of Kara Mustafa Pasha, the Ottoman grand vizier who staked his reputation on taking Vienna.

The section on opposing armies is a bit skimpy at four pages, covering the Imperial forces, the Polish-Lithuanian Army and the Ottoman Army. Four uniform illustrations by Peter Dennis did highlight this section. However, the order of battle is a complete disappointment, with only generic totals listed. Does the author mean that he can find no greater detail on the Vienna garrison that it consisted of about 12,000 men in 72 infantry companies and a regiment of cavalry? Seems a bit lame. The volume has a total of seven 2-D Maps (Central and Eastern Europe in 1683; Vienna and the River Danube in 1683; the siege of Vienna; the Tatar Raids into Austria; the opposing sides concentrate their forces on Vienna; the march of the Christian forces through the Wienerwald; the reconquest of Hungary) but only one 3-D Map (the Battle of Kahlenberg, 12 September 1683). There are also three battle scenes (the Ottomans arrive before Vienna; an Ottoman attack on the city walls is repelled; the charge of the Polish winged hussars) by Peter Dennis

The most difficult section of the book to follow is the 14 pages on the beginning of the campaign, since the maps don't show the Ottoman advance on Vienna and their outmaneuvering of the Austrian blocking forces. In this section, the author notes that Austrian mobilization was hindered by economic weakness and the Ottoman violation of an existing peace treaty. Certainly the best section in this volume is the 21-page section on the actual defense of Vienna. Unfortunately, the lack of proper maps makes it very difficult to follow the author's description of the various Ottoman assaults and mining operations, since the maps fail to identify the bastions. Furthermore, the one 2-D map he provides does not show the position of Ottoman artillery batteries or much detail on the siege works. Nor is there any real mention of casualties, so it is difficult to gauge whether the besiegers were gaining on the defenders.

The Austro-Bavarian-Saxon-Polish relief of Vienna is covered in the 17-page section on the battle of Kahlenberg. This action is described in some detail, particularly the effects of terrain on the Allied advance, but it is far from clear why the Ottomans lost this battle. The final sections cover the aftermath of the campaign, including the final defeat of the retreating Ottoman invasion army at the Battle of Parkany and the resultant execution of Kara Mustafa for his failure. Although the author provides a brief section on the battlefield today, I was surprised that he made no mention of the Museum of Military History in Vienna, which has exhibits on this battle. Overall, not a bad volume and one that certainly summarizes a less-well-known campaign, but with a little effort it could have been much better.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
3.5 stars, a Good Introduction to the Battle but with Serious Analytical Gaps
By Yoda
This book, as part of the Osprey campaign series, follows the typical format. It starts off with a brief description of the history of the region and the geopolitical balance. From the Austrian side it does a fairly good job primarily by discussing (but not analyzing in any depth) the fact that Austria faced serious and simultaneous threats from both the West (in the form of Louis XIV regime) and the East (the Ottoman state). The book does not examine what the immediate threat was from Louis XIV, a fact that is of some importance as it permitted the Austrians to concentrate all their forces (but not some of their German allies' forces who were not that significant in aggregate terms anyway) against the Ottomans at the critical time. The book makes no mention whatsoever of any external threats the Ottoman state faced.

Simon Millar, the author, then goes on to briefly discuss the upper echelon military leaders and heads of state involved. In a nutshell, all the military leaders were both experienced and competent. The heads of states military backgrounds are also discussed albeit this is not critical as both pre-delegated the running of the campaigns to subordinate generals. The discussion of the armies is quite rudimentary in that it covers troop types and quality but does not cover other important factors such as troop morale or the quality of lower and middle level officers and training.

Next is the lengthy discussion of the events leading to the battle and the battle itself. Here the book, unfortunately, is rather weak. This is so primarily for two reasons. One is that there is no discussion or analysis as to what the Ottoman state hoped, from the strategic perspective, to accomplish through this goal. Was it a stepping stone to the conquest of the rest of Europe? Just to eliminate a potential threat in on the Western borders? From the Austrian side there is no discussion as to why Leopold, the Austrian Emperor, was so caught by surprise by the Ottoman attack. The Austrians had not kept their fixed fortfications intact during the preceeding peace treaty with the Ottoman era period and barely even had time to raise an army and take advantage of available allies' armed forces. This, even as the author admits, was a very critical factor in almost causing defeat. This campaign was almost lost before it began as a result. Before the battle fortification improvements were barely completed and the required armies were barely raised. Why did this happen? Was Leopold expecting the peace treaty then in effect with the Ottoman state to hold until its end? Did he think the Ottoman state was too weak? Were there any other reasons? Considering the fact that this almost decided the campaign, even before it was fought, is a serious lapse on the part of Mr. Millar.

With respect to the actual siege itself, the author does an excellent job. This is the strongest part of the book. We learn that towards the end, both the Ottoman side and the Austrian forces under siege in Vienna were at the end of their ropes. At just juncture the Austrian and allied relieving forces made their appearance and defeated the Ottoman forces outside of Vienna at Kahlenberg. The battle there is also adequately described albeit some maps would have been helpful in better illustrating the course of the battle.

Finally the book concludes with the "aftermath" and "battlefields today" chapters. Unfortunately the aftermath chapter is disappointingly weak as there is no analysis or discussion of the implications of the Ottoman defeat beyond the immediate defeat per se. The geopolitical and military consequences, which so needed to be analyzed, are not very unfortunately not covered. In the decades after the campaign Austria was becoming a more powerful state while the Ottoman state went into decline. Did this battle have anything to do with this? Were there other serious consequences as a result of the campaign (i.e., a lengthy peace)? The reader comes away with question marks over his head. The short "battlefield today" section provides the reader with the topology today along with a few sites to visit but, considering it is only about a page in length, the discussion is quite rudimentary.

In short, this book provides readers with only about an hour to an hour and a half to spend a good starting point but, due to the fact it leaves to many questions unanswered, can only garner a 3.5 star rating.

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