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The colonies of German New Guinea (GNG) and British New Guinea (BNG) which from 1906 became the Territory of Papua, experienced different paths of development due to the colonial administrators’ divergent commercial policies. The establishment of these colonies in the late19th century, and all of the major events and decisions relating to them up to 1914, were based mainly on commercial imperatives. This book examines the circumstances leading to the founding of GNG and BNG. It analyses the impact of government decisions and the growth of capitalist enterprises in East New Guinea during its first 30 years (1884–1914).
German and British governments were reluctant to become involved in the colonisation of East New Guinea. In the context of the political pressures prevailing in Berlin and London, both governments succumbed but insisted that the cost of administering and developing the colonies was not to be borne by the state. The establishment costs of GNG were accepted by the Neu Guinea Compagnie (NGC) until 1899. It was a haphazard and arbitrary undertaking which was expensive and costly in human life. When the German government assumed administrative and financial control in 1899, the development of GNG had generally progressed in line with Chancellor Otto von Bismarck’s view that Germany’s colonies should be treated as economic enterprises. This was despite the bureaucratic form of government NGC had established.
In contrast, there were claims that BNG was to be established to meet defence objectives, and to protect the Papuan population from non-British influences. This posturing by the Australian colonies hid their true objective of seeking to gain control over the entire eastern sector of New Guinea and adjacent islands. The Queensland sugar planters sought to procure cheap labour, and Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria were all opposed to the establishment of competitive agricultural industries. After Britain acquired southeast New Guinea and the recruitment of Papuan and Melanesian labour into Australia had been outlawed, BNG was left to the gold prospectors, with no meaningful plantation industry taking place until the Australian federal government assumed administrative control over the Territory in 1906.
Neither colony had any military significance. Both colonies shared a common European moral outlook in their administrations. By 1914 GNG had become a commercially viable enterprise, but BNG, now Papua, had failed to take advantage of the 1902–1912 boom in tropical agriculture. Given their comparable size and geography, the economic performance of the two colonies should have been similar. That this did not occur is beyond dispute, and the difference in commercial outcomes is explained by the divergent policy positions taken by the two administrations.
- Sales Rank: #2528665 in Books
- Published on: 2015-08-22
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.21" h x 1.50" w x 6.14" l, 2.41 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 496 pages
Review
In his new book Hans Ohff has cast a detailed and forensic light onto the early exploitation of East New Guinea by German and British-Australian interests. His analysis of the successes and failures of both colonial powers provides the foundation for rethinking the future of Australia's nearest neighbour. Kim Beazley, AC Australia's Ambassador to the United States Hans Ohff tells the story of the division of east New Guinea between Britain and Germany during the frantic scramble for colonies by European nations in the late 19th century and explains the differing paths of development followed by German and British New Guinea in the years up to 1914. In this captivating book the author conflates a strongly empirical analysis of economic activities with delightfully portrayed personalities. Peter Yule, University of Melbourne A meticulous piece of scholarly economic history of a kind that is rare these days but of inestimable value. Peter Hempenstall, Emeritus Professor University of Canterbury In this detailed business history the author demonstrates that the raising of share capital by colonial enterprises did not differ markedly from the capital structures of the mining start-ups nearly 150 years later. Adele Ferguson, The Sydney Morning Herald The author has painstakingly researched the early colonial past of Australia's nearest neighbour. Hans Ohff has written a book that deserves to be in the libraries of all interested in the history of Papua New Guinea. Anthony Griffiths, Cambridge University
Most helpful customer reviews
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Enlightening and Engaging
By Stephen Sasse
Dr Ohff’s book might initially appear somewhat daunting – but it is both illuminating and a refreshingly factual approach to historical analysis. Australia and its people remain relatively ignorant of Papua New Guinea and its history, despite its proximity and its erstwhile role as Australia’s only colonial possession. The Anglosphere is also less than well informed about Germany’s colonial ambitions and its role in opening up the South Pacific in the 19th century.
Disastrous Ventures covers the period up to 1914 when East New Guinea was exploited by British/Australian and German interests. The administration of the German colony was effectively ‘outsourced’ to the Neu Guinea Compagnie while the British/Australian colony was subject to a colonial administration, eventually under the control of the fledging Commonwealth. The different approaches taken by NGC and the more traditional colonial regime are telling – in terms of both commercial and social successes.
The book is a rich repository of data dealing with the growth of various industries - principally plantations and gold mining; and also with the social issues associated with indentured labour and the effects of colonial expansionism on the indigenous tribes. It also chronicles the logistics challenges faced by both the German and British enterprises – shipping services, the exploration and survey of the rugged interior, and the difficulties of establishing housing, hospitals and other social infrastructure.
Dr Ohff has a sympathetic eye for the human suffering occasioned by the colonial powers. The period saw significant loss of life – among the indentured labour cohorts, the natives of New Guinea and not least the colonial administration staff.
The book illustrates the sometimes destructive nature of colonialism, while maintaining a respect and understanding for the often admirable virtues and intentions of key colonial administrators.
It is a book that will appeal to both amateur and professional historians, and to Australians with some curiosity as to their nation’s role as a colonial power; and the troubled antecedents of Papua New Guinea’s entrance to the modern world as an independent nation.
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